Effect of Surveillance on Autonomy and Greed

Effect of Surveillance on Autonomy and Greed Discussion The research hypothesis of this study stated that when individuals were under surveillance, they would feel a lack of autonomy or more controlled. Therefore, participants would subsequently demonstrate a higher level of greed, in comparison to those not under surveillance. This was supported by the ideas of SDT about autonomy being a fundamental psychological need, and so resulting in adverse consequences when not attained. The results derived from this research were not significant, indicating that no effects were found in either condition and therefore do not support the initial research prediction. Although not significant, data suggestive of a trend was found for ‘decision’ and ‘condition’ on negative affect. This demonstrated that participants who were in the experimental condition and kept all of their tickets (indicating a higher level of greed) showed increased levels of negative affect, compared to those who ‘gave some’ tickets. This could be interpreted as the individuals feeling guilt or other negative emotions about their decision when under surveillance. This may indicate that surveillance has an effect on negative feelings, following behaviour. Similarly, although no significant results were found, a trend suggests that participants who kept all their tickets in the experimental condition experienced a decrease in their just world beliefs. This demonstrates that those individuals who showed higher levels of greed under surveillance subsequently lacked beliefs in a just world, in comparison to the other participants. This may coincide with the trend found for negative affect implying that those participants under surveillance, who kept all tickets, had more feelings of negative affect and lower beliefs in a just world. Regardless of these trends, it has to be emphasised that the effects are not significant so the alleged effect is not concrete. One explanation for the lack of significance found within the trends may be due to the sample size, which was limited to eighty participants. If a larger sample size was obtained then the trends found may potentially be more powerful. A possible recommendation for future research could be a replication of this study using a greater sample size, to test whether this trend is more prevalent. As the initial predictions are not supported by the results, they do not support the notions implied by SDT; stating that autonomy is one of the crucial needs that needs to be attained. The current results may also suggest that surveillance is not as controlling as previously implied (Lepper and Greene, 1975), as individuals may still feel autonomous when under surveillance. Alternatively, it may be that the individuals did not notice the cameras. During the study phase, participants were asked whether or not they noticed surveillance – both the cameras and signs. When they did not take notice, which occurred frequently, participants often added comments implying that they had grown accustomed to this surveillance. This aligns with the initial thoughts that there is an abundance of cameras in society, perhaps suggesting an over-usage of the surveillance. These comments alongside the lack of awareness of the cameras can be interpreted as an element of desensitisation to the sur veillance. As the earlier quote by Home Office mentioned, individuals become so familiar with the cameras, that they are no longer something out of the ordinary; therefore if unnoticed, their purpose may not be as effective. This also corresponds with findings from the earlier mentioned studies where the surveillance became ineffective after a time lag (Web and Laycock, 1992). In addition to this, a study conducted by Tilley (1993) observing the power of surveillance in various car parks found that publicity of the surveillance was necessary for it to be effective. Therefore the use of CCTV needs to be directly brought to an individual’s attention for an effect to occur. This coincides with the notion of familiarity with the cameras earlier stated, suggesting that individuals may need some sort of reminder or prompt to be aware of the surveillance. Prior research has supported the assumptions made by SDT and the general prediction that a lack of autonomy will affect behaviour. Particularly, Cozzolino et al., (2015) used the same measure of greed as the current study, alongside a measure of indirect aggression, finding that surveillance elicited higher levels of greed and aggression. However, Cozzolino et al’s., (2015) study included the usage of more than one experimental task, which may explain the results. The antecedent task provoking aggression may enhance the general demeanour of the participant, prompting individuals to display greed. This may provide an explanation as to why results differed from this current research, as the economic trust task was measured independently. Self-concept is an important phenomenon to be observed in relation to this primary study. Individuals tend to seek approval from others and feel the need to ensure that they have a positive self-concept, as they prefer to feel better about themselves. This was illustrated by Swann Jr. and Read (1980) who observed the values of self-concept over a series of experiments. Their results indicated that self-concept was of high significance to individuals as participants sought to verify it through others. Lower levels of greed are likely to contribute to a positive self-concept; therefore this need for verification of self-concept may be a contributing factor to their behaviour in the current study. Thus, individuals may have altered their answers intentionally for this reason. Despite being ensured confidentiality, experimenter effects may have occurred, causing the individual to be more sceptical of possible judgement from the experimenter. They may not have wanted to display their actu al desire to show a higher level of greed, fearful of the impression they may make on the experimenter, therefore portraying actions that they think may be expected of them, more accepted, or more aligned with their self-concept. In addition to this the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1980) may contribute to the notion that individuals behaved in a way that they believed met societal expectations. This theory proposes that individuals have two different types of motivation, one of which is subjective norms; this is perceived social pressure to execute certain behaviours. In this case, subjective norms would point to acts of less greed (as this is more socially acceptable) which may explain the decision made by individuals in this study. Participants may be more influenced by their subjective norms than any other factors, causing them to behave differently. Interestingly Haley and Fessler (2005) observed the effect of evoked observability on pro-social behaviour through various different methods. These researchers measured levels of generosity using an economic game task, similar to that of the current study. This study provided a visual cue to make individuals feel as though they were being observed. This was in the form of stylised eye representations on the background of the computer they were completing the task on. Although this differs to the primary study conducted, the use of eye spots may make individuals feel as though they are under control, or that they are being ‘watched.’ They found that in the eye spot condition, in comparison to control, allocations were 55% higher, therefore displaying higher levels of generosity. This illustrates alternative effects to those initially predicted in the primary study, Haley and Fessler expected individuals to be more generous when in the eye spot condition, which was found. Perhaps it should be reconsidered which types of behaviour are usually demonstrated when ‘being watched’ as pro-social behaviour may be more prevalent than anti-social behaviours predicted by this primary study. While it has been strongly implied that surveillance can be perceived as a form of social control (causing individuals to lose their autonomy), this control itself may infer different effects. When being watched, individuals may feel that they need to act in a certain way. They may be reluctant to portray their genuine feelings or actions as they are afraid of what those surveying may think. When not under surveillance individuals are likely to act more freely as a result of feeling less pressured by subjective norms, and therefore are able to behave more genuinely. Moreover, individual’s actions may be more likely to be of an authentic nature, reflecting their intrinsic motivations. This coincides well with the trends found, implying that surveillance may inflict feelings of negative affect. Individuals may only feel guilt about their decision because of the judgement they may face from ‘being watched.’ Another possible limitation which may have arisen with this study may be placed with the methodology. As stated the study involved an economic trust task, measuring levels of greed on the basis of the raffle tickets. Firstly, this task may lack an element of ecological validity as the situation that individuals were placed in with this task may be perceived as unrealistic. It is unlikely that individuals would be asked to decide the allocation of raffle tickets; therefore it may not reflect real life behaviour. In addition to this, the environment in which the task was completed may also be considered less ecologically valid, being in a room with a computer and an experimenter close by. This may be a possible explanation as to why significant results were not found, as the task was not representative of a real-life situation, mirroring real behaviour. Furthermore, another methodological concern may be the format of the study. Participants were told that they were matched with another participant who made the tickets available to them; however they may not have believed that there was another participant involved. The sample included a generous amount of psychology students, who may have more insight and so are aware that these studies often involve an element of deception. Therefore they may have displayed a higher level of greed, regardless of surveillance, if they realised that there was no other participant. To improve this further studies could account for this in different ways. Firstly, using a sample of students from different departments, or not using a student population may affect findings, as they are unlikely to have prior background knowledge about experiments of this nature. Additionally it could be made more plausible that there is another participant involved. Future studies may have the other participant wait in t he same area as the current participant, or have a confederate pretend to be the ‘other’ participant. This may make it more believable to the participant, and may evoke the effect initially expected. Trying to gain the insight of someone else is a difficult task, which is one that has been challenged in this study. The evidence found for these various measures used such as the feelings of control involve introspective awareness, observing the understanding of others. As earlier stated, the Cronbach’s alpha for these measures were not consistent, therefore it has to be questioned whether it is possible to rely completely on the use of these measures as they tend to involve an element of inconsistency. Despite a consistent level of non-significance in the current study, the notion of social control is still very plausible. Previous research has delved into this phenomenon, such as the well-known obedience experiment by Milgram (1963). It was found that participants obeyed the instructions of those who they perceived as having authority. This illustrates that this form of social control can have an effect on individual’s behaviour, altering it significantly. In the same way that surveillance works as social control in altering individual’s behaviour. It can be argued, from an alternative viewpoint that there is an evolutionary basis for greed. Evolution emphasises the importance of survival, to the next generation and to continue to pass down genes. Therefore greed can be interpreted as a means of survival, gaining the resources necessary from an evolutionary standpoint. This could be an alternative explanation for higher levels of greed being prevalent; individuals may not be affected by surveillance but have evolutionary needs that guide their behaviour. Frustration of psychological needs can be fatal and lead to adverse consequences, especially when observing the analysis of certain disorders. For example it has been suggested that a frustration of autonomy can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individuals feel they are being controlled or are unable to be in charge of themselves, so they control their environment instead. Similarly eating disorders is another form of the regaining of this control from an experience of lack of autonomy, as they tend to come from a very controlling environment. With more controlling and strict parents, individuals are more vulnerable to eating disorders. Without autonomy, individuals are more likely to develop psychopathology, as they defend against difficult experiences rather than overcoming them. Therefore it is important that further research is done to observe the implications that may derive from the thwarting of these needs, specifically autonomy. While no significant effects were found to support the suggested hypotheses of this current research, it is still crucial that further investigation takes place. An array of prior research has found prevalent effects demonstrating that surveillance can evoke feelings of powerlessness and that this lack of autonomy can be detrimental to individuals. Therefore additional research is necessary to find concrete evidence for the effects of surveillance.

Rotc in the Philippines

ROTC: Empowering the youth for peace and progress â€Å"Why take the hard way, if there’s an easy way†, these are the words that will come out from the mouth of an average and malingering human being, but taking the Reserved Officer Training Corps as their National Service Training Program will make them no average human being. These Cadets like me stepped out from the rest, to be above all the rest. Taking up the Civic Welfare Training Service, will be no extra ordinary just like every civilian can do and unlike a militiaman can do.Not all students in the tertiary level have the guts and courage to take the ROTC as their chosen NSTP or to enter a Military Service, but why do you think these students outside the military profession did not take this path of being a future reservist, a defender of the republic and a keeper of harmony among the Filipinos? First, they say that in ROTC they will stand up under the heat of the sun for a long time, yes they will stand under t he heat of the sun, but that is part of their training however, they will not stand up that long that will be too hazardous for their wellbeing.Second, they say that Hazing is rampant and were being conducted to cadets in ROTC, but Hazing is clearly not tolerable in the organization, how will a Cadet, a youth will empower peace and progress if they will be exposed to unlawful violence such as hazing? Third, ROTC is full of burden and hardships. These people consider Physical Training as burden and hardships; these are only part and parcel of their training as Cadets and to be a future defender of the state.Physical training is for the betterment of their wellbeing and life when they came back as a civilian in the society, they entered a Military Service not a playground. These are the three common reasons on why these students who did not take the ROTC and rejected to be part of the corps. These students or even the civilian world perceived only the one side of the coin, the negativ e side of Military Service. In ROTC, it promotes patriotism, moral values, virtues, respect for rights of the civilian and adherence to the constitution, the core values on empowering peace and progress.These youths, the cadets are casted to be future leaders of our country and to be the hope of our nation, here where some of our finest warriors are products of the ROTC. They are equipped mentally, physically, socially, and emotionally. They are trained to be disciplined, to build a better personality, and to overcome weaknesses. Military Professionalism is not the only lesson taught here but as well as the Conduct of a good Civilian. ROTC is one good way of keeping the youth away from harmful vices. As Rizal quoted â€Å"The youth are the hope of the nation†.ROTC Cadets as part of the youth sector are the hope of the nation and one of the primary movers on empowering peace and progress of the nation. As they come back to civilian life they are prepared to be a soldier, a lea der, and a better civilian or member in the society. They are deployed as civilians to contribute in the development and progress of the society and nation. What Parents cannot taught and straighten up to their children for years, can be done and straighten in several Sundays in ROTC. Disciplined and cooperative members of the society are one of the ingredients for the peace and progress of the nation.The reservists, including the ROTC Cadets are the backbone of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and as well as the society. The ROTC Cadets, Reservists and the Regular Force together with their Civilian Counterparts are having a joined force for the betterment and the advancement of the Philippines. The Military especially the reserve force supports all civic welfare activities done by the government and some Non Government Organizations; in regard with this the Armed Forces of the Philippines launched the OPLAN Bayanihan that was criticized by numerous activists, leftists, and detra ctors.Despite of these criticisms, this operation was pursued and successfully continues to help the wellbeing of the civilians, such activities are food programs, medical missions, clean up drives, and other civic and humanitarian efforts, these is to promote peace and to prevent armed struggle among the Filipinos . In times of catastrophe and calamity the ready reserve force and a number of ROTC cadets are called to respond, help and rescue the people in need, after these, these soldiers remained in active duty to conduct relief operations.These duties and service to the nation may be done not only by the Cadets or men in military service, but also by people in the civilian community or any ordinary citizen in the society. Small actions can make a big difference. Men in uniform cannot do these things all by themselves effectively, but rather if the civilians will come in aid to them or cooperate with them big difference will come out, Peace and Progress in the Philippines. In this we can say that Military is no powerful or more useful than the civilians. Men in uniform have been trained to gain more abilities, but they are trained to phold the civilian supremacy at all times. The ROTC Cadets magnifies the epitomical image of an ideal Filipino who contributes to the progress and keeping the harmony among the Filipinos in the Philippines. This shows that the ROTC Cadets as a future reservist are the epitome of an ideal citizen of our country. A citizen that has a heart to sympathize his fellow Filipinos, and a soldier that has patriotism to preserve the peace and order in the country. Be a young hero, join the unit, be an ROTC Cadet! * CDT. DIEGO MARIANO Rotc in the Philippines ROTC: Empowering the youth for peace and progress â€Å"Why take the hard way, if there’s an easy way†, these are the words that will come out from the mouth of an average and malingering human being, but taking the Reserved Officer Training Corps as their National Service Training Program will make them no average human being. These Cadets like me stepped out from the rest, to be above all the rest. Taking up the Civic Welfare Training Service, will be no extra ordinary just like every civilian can do and unlike a militiaman can do.Not all students in the tertiary level have the guts and courage to take the ROTC as their chosen NSTP or to enter a Military Service, but why do you think these students outside the military profession did not take this path of being a future reservist, a defender of the republic and a keeper of harmony among the Filipinos? First, they say that in ROTC they will stand up under the heat of the sun for a long time, yes they will stand under t he heat of the sun, but that is part of their training however, they will not stand up that long that will be too hazardous for their wellbeing.Second, they say that Hazing is rampant and were being conducted to cadets in ROTC, but Hazing is clearly not tolerable in the organization, how will a Cadet, a youth will empower peace and progress if they will be exposed to unlawful violence such as hazing? Third, ROTC is full of burden and hardships. These people consider Physical Training as burden and hardships; these are only part and parcel of their training as Cadets and to be a future defender of the state.Physical training is for the betterment of their wellbeing and life when they came back as a civilian in the society, they entered a Military Service not a playground. These are the three common reasons on why these students who did not take the ROTC and rejected to be part of the corps. These students or even the civilian world perceived only the one side of the coin, the negativ e side of Military Service. In ROTC, it promotes patriotism, moral values, virtues, respect for rights of the civilian and adherence to the constitution, the core values on empowering peace and progress.These youths, the cadets are casted to be future leaders of our country and to be the hope of our nation, here where some of our finest warriors are products of the ROTC. They are equipped mentally, physically, socially, and emotionally. They are trained to be disciplined, to build a better personality, and to overcome weaknesses. Military Professionalism is not the only lesson taught here but as well as the Conduct of a good Civilian. ROTC is one good way of keeping the youth away from harmful vices. As Rizal quoted â€Å"The youth are the hope of the nation†.ROTC Cadets as part of the youth sector are the hope of the nation and one of the primary movers on empowering peace and progress of the nation. As they come back to civilian life they are prepared to be a soldier, a lea der, and a better civilian or member in the society. They are deployed as civilians to contribute in the development and progress of the society and nation. What Parents cannot taught and straighten up to their children for years, can be done and straighten in several Sundays in ROTC. Disciplined and cooperative members of the society are one of the ingredients for the peace and progress of the nation.The reservists, including the ROTC Cadets are the backbone of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and as well as the society. The ROTC Cadets, Reservists and the Regular Force together with their Civilian Counterparts are having a joined force for the betterment and the advancement of the Philippines. The Military especially the reserve force supports all civic welfare activities done by the government and some Non Government Organizations; in regard with this the Armed Forces of the Philippines launched the OPLAN Bayanihan that was criticized by numerous activists, leftists, and detra ctors.Despite of these criticisms, this operation was pursued and successfully continues to help the wellbeing of the civilians, such activities are food programs, medical missions, clean up drives, and other civic and humanitarian efforts, these is to promote peace and to prevent armed struggle among the Filipinos . In times of catastrophe and calamity the ready reserve force and a number of ROTC cadets are called to respond, help and rescue the people in need, after these, these soldiers remained in active duty to conduct relief operations.These duties and service to the nation may be done not only by the Cadets or men in military service, but also by people in the civilian community or any ordinary citizen in the society. Small actions can make a big difference. Men in uniform cannot do these things all by themselves effectively, but rather if the civilians will come in aid to them or cooperate with them big difference will come out, Peace and Progress in the Philippines. In this we can say that Military is no powerful or more useful than the civilians. Men in uniform have been trained to gain more abilities, but they are trained to phold the civilian supremacy at all times. The ROTC Cadets magnifies the epitomical image of an ideal Filipino who contributes to the progress and keeping the harmony among the Filipinos in the Philippines. This shows that the ROTC Cadets as a future reservist are the epitome of an ideal citizen of our country. A citizen that has a heart to sympathize his fellow Filipinos, and a soldier that has patriotism to preserve the peace and order in the country. Be a young hero, join the unit, be an ROTC Cadet! * CDT. DIEGO MARIANO

Case Study of Valerie Lemmie

Valerie Lemmie: The Case of Ethical Dilemmas Happened in Dayton City, USA Case Study of Valerie Lemmie on the Basis of Ethical and Leadership Theories The following analysis involves a case study of ethical and leadership issues surrounding the decisions and actions of Ms. Valerie Lemmie, who was the City Manager of Dayton. It attempts to understand the various theories and models that can be applied to the ethical and social values involved in the decisions that had been taken during the period of 2001 to 2002 regarding the appointment of the new City Manager of Dayton. In the provided case study, there are various ethical issues that must be analyzed on the basis of Cooper’s model (Cooper, n.d.). The decisions made in this case study do not seem to conform to the acceptable ethical issues of the society. Ms. Lemmie was the City Manager of Dayton, and she controlled many administrative and financial responsibilities for the city. However, when Mr. Mike Turner lost the mayorship position in the general elections, many conundrums happened between December 2001 to January 2002 that are not considered ethical for the city and the government. The newly opted Mayor Rhine Mclin was unable to make a plausible decision in time for the sake of Dayton and its citizen. Another conundrum that happened was the leak of news that Ms. Lemmie was offered a post of Chief Executive Officer by Birmingham, England. This news should not have come out in local media and TV, that puts a bad image on the administration of Dayton and USA that they were not able to handle their administrative issues to themselves and forced a senior official of their country to look out for a good position outside their country. The newly elected Mayor and the Commissioners did not show their responsiveness to such a great issue just because Ms. Lemmie was connected to the opposition party and enjoyed a good relationship with former Mayor Mr. Mike Turner. They thought that this would put a negative impact on the citizens and their party officials. They took a long time to come to a decision of appointing a new City Manager for the city. The late decision made by the Mayor and the Commissioners put a negative impact on the citizens of Dayton and the financial condition of the city. Due to this late decision many lawsuits and interventions were pending and that cause a big loss to the Civil Service Board of the city. Many disputes occurred due to this late decision over closing a fire station of Downtown Dayton. There was a need to formulate the new City Budget for the session and resolve the difficult budget issues for the proper operations and service delivery of the city. There was a need to initiate new strategies for managing the on-going budget constraints of the city so as to prevent the fiscal situation going worse. Many issues like this one that were directly connected to the office of City Manager happened in this time frame. Consequently, the City met heavy financial losses. One of the ethical theories, which are applicable in this case is pragmatism. Under this theory is the concept of â€Å"dramatic rehearsal† where decision makers conduct a series of imaginary thought experiments to visualize how their decisions could turn out (Johnson, 2001). The famous Philosopher John McVea insisted that dramatic rehearsal differs in important ways from the calculative and deliberative approach, which is typically used in ethical decision making (Johnson, 2001). Dramatic rehearsal immerses the leader in the specifics of the situation instead of encouraging him or her to rely on abstract principles. In the case of Valerie Lemmie, the Mayor and the Commissioners have had to induce a dramatic rehearsal in the appointment of City Manager. The Commissioners are not interested to appoint Ms. Lemmie as the City Manager of Dayton just because she supported the former Mayor, Mike Turner. The Commission thought that appointing Ms. Lemmie as a City Manager would not be a plausible decision and would affect the future consequences in the politics. However, they had to consider the dramatic rehearsal theory and, thus, appoint Ms. Lemmie because she was arguably the most appropriate candidate for the job at a time. The decision impacted the financial and social condition of Dayton city to a great extent. Another Ethical theory that holds plausible in the case of Valerie Lemmie is Utilitarianism, which implies that any government or private department has to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people and it is based on the premise that ethical choices should be based on their consequences (Johnson, 2001). There are four steps involved in conducting a utilitarian analysis. First is to clearly identify the action or issue under consideration. Second is to specify all condition or group that might be affected by the action. Third is to determine the likely consequences both good or bad, and finally the fourth is to sum up the good and bad consequences (Johnson, 2001). In the case of Valerie Lemmie the newly elected Mayor and the Commissioners have to think about the issue of appointing a new City Manager in the context of this ethical theory (Mill, 2007). City Manager was responsible for the various managerial and financial issues of the Dayton city. Various community groups, urban problems, city policies, and government finances were under the direct supervision of City Manager. The Commissioners and Mayor had taken a long time of a whole year (from Dec 2001 to Jan 2002) to decide the appointment of new City Manager and the City has faced some major losses in finance and administration. An impasse on reforms was proposed by the Civil Service Board due to pending discrimination lawsuits and intervention by the US department of Justice. Due to this late decision some disputes had generated over closing a fire station in downtown Dayton. Due to this issue long-term strategies for managing the City’s ongoing budget constraints must be develope d and implemented to prevent the City’s fiscal situation going worse (Johnson, 2001) Finally, the ethical theory of Justice as fairness can also be applied to the Valerie Lemmie case. The theory of justice as fairness implies guaranteeing of equal rights and opportunities behind the veil of ignorance (Amartya Sen, 1982). American and other democratic societies have been facing many political issues since their independence. Today there are many questions we as a society are facing like is it just to give more tax breaks to the rich than to the poor? Is it fair for Native Americans to be granted special fishing rights? During the last third of 20th century, Harvard Philosopher addressed these kinds of questions in a series of books and articles. He set out to identify certain principles that would increase cooperation in society made up of free and equal citizens. According to him: (a) Each person has equal right to same basic liberties, (b) Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions as: They must be attached to positions open to all under conditio ns of fair equality and opportunity, they are to provide the greatest benefits to the least advantaged members of society (Rawls, 2001). In the case of Valerie Lemmie, the decision made by the Mayor and the Commissioners was rather pragmatic than ethical and not based on the ethical principle of justice as fairness for the sake of good to common people. On the other hand, Ms. Lemmie also approached a high position of another country, and media made this news a hike in the local newspapers and TV. This condition was not at all favourable for the City administration and Commission. In the coming passages, we will try to understand the various leadership theories that hold good in the Valerie Lemmie case (Justice as Fairness, 2001). Transformational leadership depends on the existence of a robust ethical background. A transformation-oriented leader aims to improve the standards of morality in an organization by adding to the ethical values of the people, nurturing a more moral environment, promoting independent action, and serve for the benefit of all people (Johnson, 2001). Ms. Lemmie built a good reputation based on her delivery of excellent service results. Before her appointment to the position of City Manager of Dayton, she had accumulated a wealth of work experience particularly serving in a similar position as the City Manager of Petersburg, Virginia. In addition, she had occupied other executive positions, which earned her the reputation of a highly competent and professional public administrator. Throughout her career, Ms. Lemmie was regarded as the epitome of change. She had managed to turn around the situation of the organization for the provision of service to the people in all her previous jobs. In the City of Dayton, she worked together with the local people through citizen and community groups, developed solutions to urban problems, oversaw the implementation of City policy, managed government monies, and provided continuity and support to the Mayor and the City Commission. Transformational leadership involves result-orientation. Leaders set out to achieve certain organizational goals using the resources available to them within a specific timeframe. In the five-year period working for the City of Dayton, Ms. Lemmie attained recognition; both locally and regionally for her effort towards improving public welfare. Such recognition depicts that she was a result-driven individual who believed on making a positive impact on the lives of all the people. Ms. Lemmie’s case indicates some aspect of authentic leadership theory (ALT). ALT generates a number of beneficial ethical outcomes that focus on its strong emphasis on the morality of actions (Johnson, 2001). Followers tend to follow the high ethical standards that authentic leaders set for them. For their part, authentic followers provide response that reiterates the ethical behavior of authentic leaders (Johnson, 2001). From the case, it is revealed that despite the infrequent disagreements and disputes over various policies, the citizens, employees and elected officials of the City of Dayton accorded Ms. Lemmie a great amount of respect and adoration. Authentic leaders instill the spirit of competence, positivity and resilience in their followers (Johnson, 2001). These attributes help to achieve the principal aim of creating positive change in the organization. As for the case in question, Ms. Lemmie created good working relationships with the Mayor and City Commissioners of Dayton. It demonstrates her ability to gain the support of work partners by inculcating the culture of moral perspectives, values, and strong character in her work. Enshrined in the case of Ms. Lemmie is the responsible leadership theory. At the center of the theory are the emerging issues of corporate social responsibility and the role of model character in leadership (Johnson, 2001). The theory suggests that leaders need to possess a character that indicates critical thinking skills, moral maturity, practice reflection, and can produce creative and ethical results. Leaders manifest their abilities in a myriad of unique roles that constitute stewardship, coaching, storytelling, change agency, good citizenry, and empowerment of culture (Johnson, 2001). The case depicts that Ms. Lemmie is a responsible individual. She managed to meet the expectations of all the positions that she occupied in her career. In the City of Dayton, she was put in charge of 15 City departments, a workforce of 3,000 full-time workers, and a budget of $700 million. Conversely, before working in the City of Dayton, Ms. Lemmie managed a group of 1,000 workers and served 37, 000 city residents in Petersburg, Virginia. These examples illustrate that leaders are held responsible for the common good of people; in this case, city residents and employees. If the newly appointed Mayor and his Commissioners approached the former Mayor, Mr. Mike Turner, then, the power vacuum in the position of City Manager could be avoided. Just because Ms. Lemmie had some healthy relationships with the previous Mayor, the Commissioners held their decision of appointing her as a new City Manager for the next session. This decision was not ethical at all and put a negative impact on the whole administration and commission of the city. The media intensified the predicament with the announcement that Ms. Lemmie had accepted a new position offered in Birmingham, England. The news tainted the image of the new city officials and should not have been leaked. It was the duty of new administration and commission to stop these kinds of rumours between the citizens. The administration and commission have had to come to a decision of appointing the City Manager as soon as possible, to stop any financial and social losses to the city. From the above-discussed analysis of various ethical and leadership theories, it can be concluded that there were major flaws in the overall incidents that had happened in the appointment of new City Manger for Dayton. Every official and administration knew that appointing a new City Manager as soon as possible was necessary for the overall controlling and equilibrium of city administration and policies. However, all of them have given it the colour of the political issue and had taken a long time of the whole year to come to a decision. References Amartya Sen, B. W. (1982). Utilitarianism and Beyond. Cooper, T. (n.d.). Understanding ethical decision-making. Retrieved October 20, 2014, from www.unf.edu: http://www.unf.edu/~g.candler/PAD6436/02.pdf Justice as Fairness. (2001). Retrieved October 17, 2014, from pages.uoregon.edu/: http://pages.uoregon.edu/koopman/courses_readings/rawls_JasF.pdf Mill, J. S. (2007). Utilitarianism . Rawls, J. (2001). Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Stone, R. F. (2001). A Review of Servant Leadership Attributes: Developing a Practical Model. Johnson,  C.  E. (2001). Meeting the ethical challenges of leadership: Casting light or shadow (4th  ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler Essay - 551 Words

Adolf Hitler was a terrible person, he blamed all the Germans problems on the Jews. He tried to overthrow the German government to and he failed and he was sent to prison. His prison sentence was supposesed to last five years long but it only was nine months because he wrote a book called Mein Kampf means My Struggle. In the book was his plan to help the government with its problems by blaming the jewish. When he got out of prison he went into politics to get into the German military. He worked his way up through the rankings of the government. He eventually became chancellor of Germany. He wasnt even German he was born in Austria. He became the chancellor in 1933. One thing that got in his way when he was working his way up he was†¦show more content†¦One of the main concentration camps was Aushwitz it killed about 10,000 people a day and in total that one camp killed about 120,000 different people. World War II (WWII) was the Ally powers versus the Axis powers. Everyone in the Axis powers is Germany, Japan, and Iatly, Everyone in the Ally powers is United States of America, Russia, and Britian. The only way the U.S.A got into WWII was Japon bombed Pearl Harbor. If Japan did not bomb us we wouldnt have been their to save everyone on the undisarbles list as soon as we did. We then bombed Japan and when we did Japan then surrendered.Eventually we saw what the Germans were doing to the jews. then we went through and liberated as much camps as we could. then in 1945 Germany unconditionally surrendered. There was a young girl named Anne Frank she was a German Jew. Instead of registering to a camp she hid in a place called the secret annex. While she was in the secret annex she writ a diary the famous diary called The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank. After a while of hiding she and her whole family was caught by German soldiers. they were all sent to a transit camp at first then they were sent to Aushwitz then she was sent to one last camp where she was killed by a diesease called typhus. she died two weeks before her camp was liberated. A while later and someone published her diary and it became famous. The genre of the book was called to be aShow MoreRelatedMein Kampf by Adolf Hitler1077 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mastermind behind it at all. The very man that was to blame for the series of events leading up to World War II is none other than the infamous Adolf Hitler. Hitler was just like any of his other peers when he was young. He had the same dreams that many of his friends would have, and had a family that loved him very much. However, what separated Hitler from simply any other kid trotted alongside the street would be the unsettling despair in his heart throughout his unfortunate childhood as heart-breakingRead MoreMein Kampf, By Adolf Hitler883 Words   |  4 Pages Mein Kampf is a outrageous book written by Adolf Hitler. The title Mein Kampf in Germany means my struggle and was published in the summer of 1925, followed by his second version in 1927. Mein Kampf was written while he was imprisoned. Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice was Hitlers orignally title that he chose. His publisher thought it would have been better to give it a shorter title. Hitler talked about his life and gave ideas of how he would run GermanyRead MoreAdolf Hitler : Mein Kampf, Nation And Race1108 Words   |  5 PagesJennifer Mills College Writing Dec 11, 2014 Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf, Nation and Race Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, on April 20, 1889. He was the fourth child of the six children from Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. When Adolf was three years old, his whole family moved into Germany. In his young age, he had many arguments with his father until he became detached and introverted when his young brother died in 1900. (HistoryLearningSite, 2014) Adolf was interested in fine arts than business, soRead MoreModernism in Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler802 Words   |  3 Pagesexpelled from Germany and many of its champions emigrated overseas as Hitler described modern art as â€Å"Bolshevist art†Ã¢â‚¬  in his autobiography â€Å"Mein Kampf† and â€Å"criticized the Weimar Republic for its alleged cultural weaknesses†.(Architecture and Politics in Germany ) â€Å"The Enabling Act (German: Ermà ¤chtigungsgesetz ) was a 1933 amendment to the Weimar Constitution that gave the German Cabinet – in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler – the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag†, TheRead MoreMein Kampf by Adolf Hitler Essay529 Words   |  3 PagesIn 1933 Hitler became chancelor of Germany. This was the first step for rising to power. Once the leader of Germany died Hitler said that they did not need to fill in that position again. Hitler came up with the final solution while he was in jail. Hitler had gone to jail for treason and his sentence was for five years, but he was let out after about nine months. In the short time that Hitler was in jail he wrote a book called Mein Kampf which means my struggle. In this book Hitler wrote all theRead More Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesThere where more things to The Holocaust World War 2, Hitlers rise to power, and Anne Franks Diary. These events all happened at the same time reflecting on one another. The Holocaust was one of the worlds worst events in history. Hitles rise to power started when he was put in jail for trying to overthrow the German government. He was sent to jail for 10 years but got out in 9 months for good behavoir. In jail he wrote a book called Mein Kampf or My struggle. He blammed the jews for everything andRead MoreMein Kampf : Jewish Virtual Library988 Words   |  4 PagesIn Mein Kampf, Hitler wrote various hate-filled comments such as,â€Å"The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew†(â€Å"Mein Kampf: Jewish Virtual Library† 7). This is only one of the variou slurs the dictator used in the Mein Kampf. There were many controversial topics in the book, not just the derogation of the Jews. He explains the formation of his views and thoughts along with the construction of the Nazi party. Hitler â€Å"decided the he would rule theRead MoreAdolf Hitler: A Political Theorist1619 Words   |  7 PagesMost would not recognize Adolf Hitler of being a politic al theorist, due to the fact of the horrific events that transpired under his control. However, he indeed was one for better or worse. His views about the political world were extreme to say the least and he often wrote his theories in need or due to circumstance (http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/kampf.htm. His views were mostly formed in three time periods of his life (http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/kampfRead MoreNegative Essay : Meiin Kampf904 Words   |  4 PagesGermany officially became a Nazi state in 1933 when a man by the name of Adolf Hitler seized total power of the country. Mein Kampf, or â€Å"My Struggle†, was written in 1923 by Adolf Hitler in prison. This book clearly outlines Hitler’s ideology as well as his beliefs in making Germany a superpower. In Mein Kampf, the opening volume expresses Hitler’s relations with the Jews. Hitler clearly blames the fall of Germany and the economic crisis on the Jews. He m entions how Jews are selfish and stingy andRead MoreEssay on Adolf Hitler596 Words   |  3 PagesAdolf Hitler Anger and hatred can be produced with such little integrity it is frightening. Adolf Hitler’s work, Mein Kampf, is filled with such fury and abhorrence. Millions of people bought into his ideas without even stopping to question the validity of his work. Considering at this time many Germans were freezing, starving and suffering from a huge economic depression not much had to be said to get people on Hitler’s side. Hitler makes many false statements and provides no evidence